Integrated model construction for state of charge estimation in electric vehicle lithium batteries

Energy Informatics

Table 4 Comparison of prediction errors of different models

Modeling methods	Dataset level	Error percentage	MAE	MSE	RMSE
DNN	Minor level	0.2654	0.1011	0.1085	0.3279
	Middle level	0.2689	0.1025	0.1099	0.3315
	Grand level	0.271	0.1032	0.111	0.3334
SVR	Minor level	0.2035	0.0668	0.0068	0.0802
	Middle level	0.2058	0.0702	0.0072	0.0846
	Grand level	0.2093	0.0724	0.0075	0.0866
GA-BP	Minor level	0.1901	0.0605	0.0053	0.0719
	Middle level	0.1932	0.0631	0.0056	0.0746
	Grand level	0.195	0.0648	0.0059	0.0768
PSO-adaboast	Minor level	0.1913	0.0632	0.0058	0.0761
	Middle level	0.1939	0.0654	0.0061	0.0782
	Grand level	0.196	0.0665	0.0063	0.0793
Research model	Minor level	0.1518	0.0503	0.0039	0.0604
	Middle level	0.1542	0.0517	0.0041	0.064
	Grand level	0.1561	0.0525	0.0042	0.0648