Table 2 EV commuter types (Giordano et al. 2020)

EV#1

This category consists of long-distance commuters who consume more energy than typical workers for working day trips and use their EV to commute to work every weekday. EV#1 owners typically keep their EV at home approximately 70% of the time.

EV#2

This cluster comprises typical workers, working not far from home, who commute to work with their EV every weekday, and the car is mainly present at home during the night and weekends. Weekend trips typically have higher energy consumption than those on weekdays, and on average, the EV is at home around 80% of the time. This category presents the most systematic behaviour during the week compared to other profiles.

EV#3

This category consists of freelancers who frequently keep their EV at home (approximately 90% of the time) and use it less regularly. This category is defined by the highest presence of the car at home and also a less regular use.