Table 4 Data integration level for the analyzed use cases
From: A review of building digital twins to improve energy efficiency in the building operational stage
Study | Domain | Level of integration | BIM | ML | Models’ type |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Khajavi et al. (2019) | Component monitoring | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Sensor data only | |
Li et al. (2022) | Component monitoring | Digital twin | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box | |
Bjørnskov et al. (2022) | Fault detection and commissioning | Digital model | White-box | ||
Lu et al. (2020d) | Fault detection and commissioning | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box | |
Lu et al. (2020c) | Fault detection and commissioning | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box |
Bjørnskov and Jradi (2023) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box | |
Chiara Tagliabue et al. (2021) | Operational optimization | Digital twin | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box |
Clausen et al. (2021) | Operational optimization | Digital twin | Gray-box | ||
Jradi and Bjørnskov (2023) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box | |
Lee et al. (2016) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Sensor data only | |
Moretti et al. (2020) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Sensor data only | |
Peng et al. (2020) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box |
Wang et al. (2022) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box |
Zaballos et al. (2020) | Operational optimization | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box | |
Zhao et al. (2022) | Operational optimization | Digital model | \(\checkmark\) | Sensor data only | |
Agostinelli et al. (2022) | Operational optimization | Digital model | \(\checkmark\) | White-box | |
Hosamo et al. (2022) | Predictive maintenance | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box |
Ni et al. (2022) | Predictive maintenance | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box | |
Ni et al. (2021) | Predictive maintenance | Digital shadow | Sensor data only | ||
Agostinelli et al. (2021) | Scenario simulation | Digital shadow | \(\checkmark\) | \(\checkmark\) | Gray-box |
Kaewunruen and Lian (2019) | Scenario simulation | Digital model | \(\checkmark\) | White-box |