Table 5 Application domains of SIL

Energy- and electricity systems

Grids (power/distribution/smart/low-voltage/medium-voltage/micro)

Nguyen et al. (2019a), Guerrero, et al. (2016), Tuominen et al. (2017), Nguyen et al. (2019b), Osadcuks and Galins (2012), Bonassi 2020; Guerrero et al. (2021)

7 (9.9%)

Renewables

Nguyen et al. (2019a), Huber et al. (2014), Rossi et al. (2019), Singh and Shubhanga (2017), Frotscher et al. (2019), Bonassi (2020)

6 (8.5%)

Distributed energy resources

Osadcuks and Galins (2012), Ponchant et al. (2021), Gourisetti, et al. (2018)

3 (4.2%)

Gas turbines

Rossi et al. (2019), Kwon and Choi (1999)

2 (2.8%)

Low inertia systems

Nguyen et al. (2019a)

1 (1.4%)

Automotive

Automotive

Raghupatruni (2019), Stevi (2020), Shivanandaswamy et al. (2021), Bailey et al. (2014), Chen et al. (2008), Parthasarathy and Johansson (2021), Russo et al. (2007), Ersdi et al. (2021)

8 (11.3%)

Electric vehicles

Casolino et al. (2016), Li et al. (2020)

2 (2.8%)

Autonomous vehicles

Ahamed et al. (2018)

1 (1.4%)

Automated driving

Strohbeck et al. (2021)

1 (1.4%)

Battery management in electric vehicles

Ponchant (2021)

1 (1.4%)

Hybrid vehicles

Vandi et al. (2014)

1 (1.4%)

Traffic motion

Strohbeck et al. (2021)

1 (1.4%)

Vehicle power management

Zhang and Mi (2011)

1 (1.4%)

Vehicle-to-vehicle information sharing

Brambilla et al. (2014)

1 (1.4%)

Embedded systems

Embedded systems

Muresan and Pitica (2012; Werner et al. (2015)

2 (2.8%)

Electronic circuits

Lai and Lin (2021)

1 (1.4%)

Distributed real-time systems

Pieper and Obermaisser (2018a)

1 (1.4%)

Home appliances

Park et al. (2020)

1 (1.4%)

Image processing

Werner et al. (2015)

1 (1.4%)

Generally applicable

Clock synchronization in software-in-the-loop

Lee et al. (2017)

1 (1.4%)

Computer network analysis and simulation

Demers et al. (2007)

1 (1.4%)

Job scheduling in multiprocessor systems

Collins and George (2001)

1 (1.4%)

Parallel Agent Discrete Event Simulation

Riley and Riley (2003b)

1 (1.4%)

Pervasive systems

Brambilla et al. (2014)

1 (1.4%)

Manufacturing

Automated Manufacturing Systems

Bonivento et al. (2011)

1 (1.4%)

Multi-agent-based manufacturing

Scholz et al. (2017)

1 (1.4%)

Material flow

Nagy et al. (2012)

1 (1.4%)

Railway Manufacturing

Pieper and Obermaisser (2018b)

1 (1.4%)

Unmanned aerial vehicles

UAV

Bittar et al. (2014), Bayha et al. (2012)

2 (2.8%)

Rotary wing

Silva et al. (2019), Silano et al. (2019)

2 (2.8%)

Fixed wing

Yang et al. (2019)

1 (1.4%)

UAV Swarms

Mastronarde et al. (2022)

1 (1.4%)

Robots

Industrial robots

Jaensch et al. (2019)

1 (1.4%)

Lithography

Nagy et al. (2012)

1 (1.4%)

Robot manipulators

Ayed et al. (2017)

1 (1.4%)

Satellites

Nanosatellites

Pereira et al. (2016), Fatimi et al. (2022)

2 (2.8%)

Attitude determination

Kiesbye et al. (2019)

1 (1.4%)

Microsatellites

Hassani and Lee (2013)

1 (1.4%)

Satellite formation flying

Park et al. (2013)

1 (1.4%)

Railway

Unmanned railway vehicles

Vignati et al. (2021)

1 (1.4%)

Radio communication for railway systems

Moreno et al. (2019)

1 (1.4%)

DC-motor control

–

Werner et al. (2015), Taut et al. (2019)

2 (2.8%)

Military

Joint Tactical Radio Systems

Martinez et al. (2003)

1 (1.4%)

Educational

Electro-mechanical engineering (Windowlifters)

Beyer et al. (2017)

1 (1.4%)

Automation and supervisory systems education (SCADA systems)

Calderón and González (2018)

1 (1.4%)