Table 1 Classification of digital twins based on their purposes

Modelling

H vertical axial wind turbine

LeBlanc and Ferreira (2020)

Turbine blade

Chetan et al. (2021), Sahoo et al. (2017)

Fatigue re-assessment on structure

Tygesen et al. (2018)

Estimation

Wind turbine loads

Branlard et al. (2020a)

Wind speed

Hu et al. (2020), Li and Shen (2022)

Mooring life tension

Walker et al. (2021)

Remaining useful time of gearbox

Mehlan et al. (2022), Moghadam et al. (2021)

Remaining useful time of power converter

Sivalingam et al. (2018), Zeitouni et al. (2020)

Monitoring

Gearbox

Xiangjun et al. (2020), Wadhwani et al. (2022)

Uncertainties of structural dynamics

Augustyn et al. (2021), Ebrahimi (2019)

Turbine substructure

Grosse (2019)

Mooring system

Trueba et al. (2021)

Wind turbines (farm)

Pargmann et al. (2018), Fahim et al. (2022)

Prediction

Wind turbine

Li et al. (2021), Iosifidis et al. (2021)

Support structure

Wang et al. (2021), Momber et al. (2022)

Electrical components

Oñederra et al. (2019)

Gearbox

Zhao et al. (2021)