Table 4 Revenue, Business & Sustainability Goal Findings from Case Studies

V2G

V2G export & non-export revenues range widely depending on EVVC options, utility regions, tariffs, and market and regulatory structures

Revenue ranges average at a low of $906 to a high of $8000

Promotes BEV adoption by lowering operational and customer costs

Promotes a higher share of renewable energy by addressing variability with demand flexibility (DR), and capacity and energy aggregation services (VPP)

V2H

One case study (PG&E) tested V2H for local resiliency and to bid lower demand into the ISO market

Bi-Di EVSE hardware and software costs were higher ($4500) relative to revenue ($1400), OEMs should review options to lower costs and increase revenue from V2G service

Promotes BEV adoption among customers favoring V2H functionality, which can also be used to realize cost savings

Encourage market development of Solar + BEV storage solutions to lower GHG emissions and increase value with DR market participation

V2B

A couple of studies used V2B and synergistic DERs for microgrids. Technology applied to V2G (export and non-export) to increase value

Revenue of ~ $1500 with limited BEVs in CA markets is a positive step to evaluate options to increase revenues from fleet BEVs

Like V2H, with a larger potential value chain due to higher energy use in buildings