Table 3 Electric vehicle value chain metrics and case study findings
From: Technology and economics of electric vehicle power transfer: insights for the automotive industry
Bi-Di service | EVVC option | EVVC time-scales | Grid and customer value |
|---|---|---|---|
V2G | TOU rates, demand charges, energy and capacity, environment | 4-Seconds*, minutes, hours | Cost Saving: ToU, demand charge, DR programs and reactive power export Revenue: Lower local and system peaks; capacity and energy sales in wholesale markets; and GHG emission reductions |
V2H or V2B | Mostly for resiliency, DR tariffs, or system peak reduction | Minutes to hours | Cost Saving: DR program Revenue: Lower system peaks |