Fig. 5
From: National-scale bi-directional EV fleet control for ancillary service provision
Response to flexibility call. Left: Example of response to upward and downward flexibility calls as a function of price, compared to the baseline case in which there is no system level costs and the stations just optimize for their local energy prices. Right: Flexibility envelope for different levels of \(\psi _{f}\), showing the maximum attainable flexibility for hourly slots of the day