Fig. 3

Feature importances of HVDC flows vary among the different synchronous areas. We measure the feature importances in our ML models by the mean absolute SHAP values. The importances for each model are normalized such that they sum to one as described in the main text. For each synchronous area and each indicator, the eight most important features are depicted. In the Nordic and GB areas, the HVDC features are among the most important features, but in CE the model did not identify cross-area flows as highly important