Fig. 5

The sensitivity analysis of residual Annual peak demand of all the scenarios. Figure 5 refers to the sensitivity analysis of Annual Residual Peak Demand of the LEM. The undesirable sensitivity i.e high RPD is denoted in red color, and as the RPD decreases through the heat map, the desirable RPD i.e a low RPD is demonstrated in green color with intermediate values denoted with a color transition from red to green with decreasing RPD. In the base cases of Public Network scenario involving no DR, the increase of PV installation from 5kWp to 25kWp decreases the RPD by 2,5% which demonstrates the fact that the most surges in electricity demand occurs near or after sunset. A slight increase of DR% by only 10% can decrease the RPD by 22–25% in the trading with DR scenario in the Public Network scenario. However, if we keep increasing the SDR there is decrease in the RPD up to a certain limit after which the RPD surges significantly if DR% is more than 30% as too much peak shading and movement of load curves causes formation of local maxima which leads to sudden peaks in the RPD. In the Microgrid scenario combined with trading and DR, the increase of PV power installation does not impact the RPD much for lower percentage of DR. However, as we keep increasing the percentage of DR, the RPD has significant drop of up to 35–42%. In the Favorable Regulation scenario combined with trading and DR, there is negligible decrease in the RPD when compared to the corresponding cases in the Microgrid scenario