Fig. 2

Various EV ecosystem entities connected by communication protocols. Information and control objects must flow through entities to ensure proper grid integration. A direct communication link between a third party operator and charge points (referred here as BEV supply equipment) is specifically applicable for public charging infrastructure such as residential on-street chargers. For private charging infrastructure, we argue that communication to the charger would go through an EMS to optimise multiple resources co-located with BEVs (i.e. heat pumps, solar energy systems) at home or a workplace campus