Table 2 Input data for the representative village in Madagascar

Central power grid (CPG)

Installation price

32000 USD

The World Bank (2019)

Operation cost

0 USD/a

Assumption

Electricity price

0.119 USD/kWh

Valev (2020)

GHG emissions

0.538 kg_CO2-eq./kWh

EIB (2020)

Outage cycle and duration

0 h and 0 h

Assumption

Island grid

General expenditures at the project's beginning

6400 USD

Reber et al. (2018)

General operation cost

128 USD/a

Reber et al. (2018)

Photovoltaic systems (PV)^a

Capacity

1 kW

Assumption

Tilt angle

18°

Jacobson and Jadhav (2018)

Orientation

North

Jacobson and Jadhav (2018)

Efficiency

20%

Assumption

Specific purchase price

1200 USD/kW

IRENA (2020)

Specific operation cost

9.5 USD/(kW*a)

IRENA (2020)

Locally produced wind turbine (WT)^a

Number

1

Assumption

Hub height

15 m

Kroeger (2022)

Rotor radius

1 m

Kroeger (2022)

Rated power

1 kW

Assumption

Wind speeds (Cut-in/out, rated)

2.5 m/s, 16 m/s, 6.8 m/s

Assumption

Specific purchase price

1500 USD/kW

Kroeger (2022)

Specific operation costs

91 USD/(kW*a)

IRENA (2016)

Diesel generator (DG)^a

Rated power

1 kW

Assumption

Minimum load ratio

30%

Reber et al. (2018)

Efficiency

26%

Aberilla et al. (2019)

Specific purchase price

400 USD/kW

Reber et al. (2018)

Specific operation cost

25 USD/kW

 + 0.023 USD/kWh

Reber et al. (2018)

Diesel price

0.898 USD/l

Valev (2020)

GHG emissions

0.267 kg_CO2-eq./kWh

GOV.UK (2017)

Second-life battery storage (BS)^a

Usable capacity

3 kWh

Assumption

(Dis)Charging power

2 kW

Assumption

Efficiency

91%

Kamath et al. (2020)

Initial load ratio

0%

Assumption

Specific purchase price

108.33 USD/kWh

Kamath et al. (2020)

Specific operation cost

0 USD/(kWh*a)

Kamath et al. (2020)