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Table 2 A summary of reviewed papers according to focus, methodologies, tools, and conclusion

From: Can electric vehicles be an alternative for traditional fossil-fuel cars with the help of renewable energy sources towards energy sustainability achievement?

References

Studies’ focus

Methodologies

Supportive tools and mechanisms

Conclusion

Shao et al. (2021)

Utilizing HT for transportation is one of the aspects that this research focuses on to improve the efficiency of the Integrated Electric Power and Hydrogen System (IPHS)

The proposed method manages the production of hydrogen

• Optimizing • EPS performance

IPHS model

There have been a lot of case studies that have utilized the modified IEEE-RTS79

Bamisile, et al. (2021)

To determine the ways that may be taken to achieve sustainable energy

A number of different technology combinations are analysed in terms of their economic feasibility, environmental impact

An investigation has been conducted

The usage of EVs and the manufacture of hydrogen will be beneficial to energy networks based on RE

Habib et al. (2022)

To evaluate the load of the EVs

A probabilistic method is used in the process of describing the stochastic nature of RERs to include uncertainty

A number of tools and methods have been included such as artificial bee colony (ABC) method, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and MATLAB

Results give a combined optimization method for the effective design and administration of grid-connected rural MG systems that include RE and EVs while taking DR plans (DRPs) into consideration

Liu (2020)

To examine how the flexibility of the distribution system may be assessed in light of the possible effect EVs could have on the grid

The techniques for controlling the charging and discharging of EVs, such as Grid to vehicle (G2V) and Vehicle to Grid (V2G) modes have been explored

EVs charging—discharging, G2V and V2G modes

A simulation of the battery capacity and the transportation network is carried out in order to investigate the impact that EVs that are connected to the grid have on the adaptability of the distribution network

Liu et al. (2021)

To explore if the benefits shared by REG pricing and EVA scheduling can be calculated and optimized

An absorption approach for renewable energy that modifies the charging operation of EVs using EV aggregators (EVA) has been proposed

A master–slave game system and a soft actor-critic method have been used

This proposed strategy has been based on an analysis of the interaction between supply and demand where the market characteristics of REG and EVs have been investigated

Li and SaeidNahaei (2022)

To lower the total costs associated with operating the energy hub, such as the costs associated with CO2 emission, and to model the uncertainty associated with EV

An optimal load dispatching design for an energy storage unit was examined

Monte Carlo simulation

Findings suggest that using a strategy that coordinates charging and discharging of EVs is the most efficient way to lower total costs

Park et al. (2022)

To explore the use of EVs can be considered as a means of cutting down on overall energy use

Incentive-based demand response programs

A response model for EVs is developed

It seems that the approach is able to make better use of energy in terms of both efficiency than other conventional RE reduction methods

Abubakr et al. (2021)

To increase the system's resilience in the face of parameter uncertainties

On-line modification of integrated controller gains for PEV energy charging and discharging is proposed

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The proposed system could address the interruptions caused by the existence of random load variations and flexible loads

Jampeethong and Khomfoi (2020)

The incorporation of RES, such wind and solar farms, requires the use of alternating current (AC) microgrids in combination with EVs

The paper has proposed an approach to coordinating the frequency management of photovoltaic systems, wind farms, and EVs

PI controllers

A simulation model is used to conduct tests on the controller

Bastida-Molina et al. (2021)

To provide charging stations in residential areas as the number of individuals buying EVs continues to rise

The optimal HRES configuration for EVCS is selected by the use of a weighted multi-criteria design

A numerical analysis is carried out

An experimental phase is also built into the design. Hybrid renewable energy systems related energy generation strategy for EVCS is established

Azarhooshang et al. (2021)

To lower the operating costs of the microgrid for distributed generation, energy storage systems, and EVs

EMS is introduced into microgrids in a manner that is consistent with their hourly activities in the market for the next day

Stochastic programming and Monte Carlo simulation

Multi-layer EMS, coordination, RESs and EVs operating inside microgrids, day-ahead planning, and an actual schedule plan have contributed to the proposed plan

Li et al. (2020)

There is a possibility that charging stations could become overcrowded. It is possible to use the grid ESS to charge EVs batteries

An EV control system was given a charge–discharge energy scheduling approach by using a strategy for chance-constrained programming

Chance-constrained programming

an analysis has been performed using that approach in order to give a blueprint for optimizing the contract capacity in order to lower the cost of charging stations. The findings from PV prediction reveal that the cost of charging an EV might be lowered by around fifty percent as compared to the uncoordinated techniques