Table 5 RQ5 (Detection techniques for SG faults and failures)

F1

\(\bullet\) Signal-based and packet-based detection

 F11

\(\bullet\) Consumption pattern-based energy theft detector

F4

\(\bullet\) SDTM (Sybil attack Detection using Traffic Monitoring) \(\bullet\) Radio resource testing and registration approaches \(\bullet\) RSSI-based and TDOA-based schemes

 F14

\(\bullet\) A node persistently claiming too much quantity of demanded energy (above established threshold)

F5

\(\bullet\) Third bit of the second octet of the two-octet internal indications (IIN) field in an application response header a sniffer watching traffic

 F18

\(\bullet\) Voltage, current, and frequency signals during disturbance

F6

\(\bullet\) Identifying ‘quiet spots’ in link utilization plots

 F19

\(\bullet\) Voltage, current, and frequency signals during a disturbance \(\bullet\) phase-overcurrent relays \(\bullet\) ground-overcurrent relays \(\bullet\) fault clearing or limiting devices such as fuses and circuit breakers

F7

\(\bullet\) Delays of data packets

 F23

\(\bullet\) Lightning Location System \(\bullet\) flashover path monitoring detection \(\bullet\) magnetic steel stick method for lightning observation

F8

\(\bullet\) Detection of time synchronisation attack by the signal-to-noise-ratio of the correlation peak or by applying the direction of arrival discrimination

 F25

\(\bullet\) Protective devices, that check for exceeded rating of fault current

F9

\(\bullet\) Data integrity check \(\bullet\) checking data with the laws of physics \(\bullet\) collating data from data channels and energy measurements \(\bullet\) control center advanced signal processing techniques \(\bullet\) Adaptive Partitioning State Estimation (APSE) for detection of false data injection \(\bullet\) secure sequence number in packet payload to detect replay attacks

 F29

\(\bullet\) The arc noise intensity increase

F10

\(\bullet\) Checking for changes in the controllers’ configuration