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Table 8 Mean squared error presented as a sum of over- and underestimated optimal estimates (\(MSE=MSE^+ + MSE^-\)) according to equation (14) respective clustering method, storage technology and carbon reduction target for a spatial resolution of 97 nodes. Graphically presented in Fig. 10

From: A comparison of clustering methods for the spatial reduction of renewable electricity optimisation models of Europe

\(\hbox {CO}_2\)Reduction

\(60\%\)

\(100\%\)

Technology

Hydrogen

Battery

Hydrogen

Battery

k-means

\(0.62+0.28\)

\(1.0+0.76\)

\(0.74+1.54\)

\(0.28+0.32\)

\(f^\mathrm {cap}(v)\)

\(1.37+0.04\)

\(0.41+1.39\)

\(0.24+0.68\)

\(2.29+0.67\)

\(f^\mathrm {time}(v)\)

\(0.64+0.51\)

\(0.57+0.28\)

\(0.51+2.76\)

\(0.99+0.37\)

Q

\(0.58+0.07\)

\(0.82+1.45\)

\(0.08+2.8\)

\(0.09+0.26\)