Table 11 Identified 17 features in the SGAM framework’s three dimensions matching use cases in the articles

1

EVs or PHEVs as storage for V2G

Customer premises:

EVs or PHEVs on the residential side (Hilshey et al. 2012) (Li et al. 2012) (McGee et al. n.d.) (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015) (Santos et al. 2015) (Yang and Tseng 2015) (Budde Christensen et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

EV charging/discharging in residential building area (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Photovoltaic panels including inverters on the residential demand side (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

EVs at the commercial demand side (public transport commerce) (Zhong and You 2012)

DER:

V2G enables the EVs to act as energy storage (McGee et al. n.d.) (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015) (Li et al. 2012) (Santos et al. 2015) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Process:

EVs or PHEVs consume electricity (all 10 EV solutions)

EVs or PHEVs inject power back to the grid using V2G (Li et al. 2012) (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015)

Conversion of solar energy to electricity (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Component:

EVs or PHEVs as a physical load component (all EV solutions)

V2G inverter (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Photovoltaic including inverter (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Onboard monitoring, communication and control electronic units and/or GPS module in EVs & chargers. (Santos et al. 2015) (McGee et al. n.d.)

Function:

EVs as battery storage through V2G (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015) (Li et al. 2012) (Santos et al. 2015) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Emergency power generation using V2G (McGee et al. n.d.)

Data acquisition for optimizing EV charging and storage capabilities. (Santos et al. 2015)

Business:

Reduce electricity charge and promote load balance (Santos et al. 2015)

Financial leasing from the government to public transport companies (Zhong and You 2012)

2

Communication between EVs and the grid

Customer premises:

Smart meter is located at the consumer (Hilshey et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Charging points located at the home and building area network (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

DER:

Charging point and smart meter receive electricity for charging from the grid (the grid is implicit going through the DER domain). (Hilshey et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012) (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

Process:

Smart meter measures electricity load (Hilshey et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Charging point charges EVs (converting AC power to DC). (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

Field:

Smart meter sends consumer-load. (Hilshey et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Charging point communicates with the data collector (e.g. data center) via the communication components (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Charging point includes telecommunication technology for data sharing with management units. (Santos et al. 2015)

Component:

Smart meter (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) (Hilshey et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Charging point (station or box) including communication or telecommunication technology (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

Function:

Connection between the charge management device and consumer’s EV charging load (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Send user identity to control unit (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Communication via telecommunication technology (Santos et al. 2015)

Information:

Send EV load and receive charging signals (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Communication:

Public key encryption system and Identity-based cryptography (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

3

Smart charging algorithm in the charge management device

Customer premises:

Home charging (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

DER:

Charge management device linked with smart meter sends and receives information crossing the DER domain

Distribution:

Charge management device located at the transformer (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Public charging station in the distribution (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Process:

Charge management device at the transformer (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Charging and discharging covers home charging and public charging stations (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Field:

Smart charging algorithm (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Home charging and public charging stations (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Component:

Charge management device (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Function:

The charge management device monitors instantaneous loads and sends charging signals to EVs (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Smart charging algorithm reduces transformer aging (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Charging and discharging to provide energy for the control market (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Information:

Send & receive charging signals to & from smart meter (Hilshey et al. 2012)

4

EV and battery charging at charging stations

Distribution:

The medium to low voltage transformer (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Charging station is connected to the distribution grid (Rezania and Prüggler 2012) (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Process:

Transform voltage to the domestic consumer level (Hilshey et al. 2012)

EV electricity consumption. (Budde Christensen et al. 2012) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Charge batteries at the battery switching station (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Field:

Protection equipment in the transformer (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Charging/battery switching stations contain a smart meter and control device that manages EV charging based on grid conditions (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Field equipment is assumed to be part of the public charging station (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Station:

The transformer (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Charging/battery switching stations (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

The public charging station includes the functional aggregation of charging multiple EVs at the same location (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Component:

Medium to low voltage transformer (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Distributed charging spots (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

EVs as a load at public charging spots (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Charging infrastructure (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Public charging station (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Function:

Reduce voltage level for domestic consumers (Hilshey et al. 2012)

Charge or switch batteries (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

The company acts as a smart grid operator by controlling the charging spots (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

5

Optimization in fleet charging management

All domains:

The optimization considers thermal power plants, wind turbines, PHEV fleet, and regular load (Li et al. 2012)

Customer premises

Operating EVs from both home charging and public charging to help grid balance (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Operation:

The optimization is assumed to be managed by a PHEV fleet charging management systems (Li et al. 2012)

The aggregator function can be seen as EV fleet management which is located in the operation zone (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Function:

Optimization with the objective to minimize the expected cumulative cost (Li et al. 2012)

Aggregator/service provider (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Business:

Minimizing costs (Li et al. 2012)

Information:

Provide and activate control energy (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

6

Generation units considering the number of EVs

Generation:

Electricity generation (Li et al. 2012) (McGee et al. n.d.)

Power plant cost minimization (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015)

Process:

Convert fuel to electricity (Li et al. 2012) (McGee et al. n.d.)

Power plants minimization (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015)

Component:

Multiple thermal power plants and backup diesel generators (Li et al. 2012)

Baseload power generation units, e.g., thermal power plants. (McGee et al. n.d.)

Function:

Bulk generation and emergency generation (diesel generators) (Li et al. 2012)

Power generation for baseload (McGee et al. n.d.)

Business:

Minimize generation cost and power plants emission considering the number of EVs (Ahmad and Sivasubramani 2015)

7

EV charging based on electricity production by DERs

DER:

Wind turbines (Li et al. 2012) (McGee et al. n.d.) (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Photovoltaics (McGee et al. n.d.)

DERs (Yang and Tseng 2015)

Energy storage (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Process:

Convert wind energy to electricity (Li et al. 2012) (McGee et al. n.d.) (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Convert solar energy to electricity (McGee et al. n.d.)

Convert energy to electricity (Yang and Tseng 2015)

Electricity consumption and generation (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Component:

Wind turbines (Li et al. 2012) (McGee et al. n.d.) (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Photovoltaics (McGee et al. n.d.)

DER (not specified in paper) (Yang and Tseng 2015)

Electricity energy storage (batteries) (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Business:

Charging when there is a high wind electricity production at a lower electricity price (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

8

Charging equipment enables V2G

Customer premises:

EV supply equipment is located at the demand side (McGee et al. n.d.)

DER:

EV supply equipment enables V2G for energy storage (McGee et al. n.d.)

Process:

AC is converted to DC to charge the EV battery and vice versa for V2G (McGee et al. n.d.)

Component:

EV supply equipment (intelligent charging box) (McGee et al. n.d.)

Function:

Charging and discharging logic (McGee et al. n.d.)

9

Participation in electricity markets

All domains beside transmission:

supply and consume electricity via market participation (McGee et al. n.d.; Santos et al. 2015; Budde Christensen et al. 2012; Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Market:

Participation in the energy control/regulation market (McGee et al. n.d.; Santos et al. 2015) (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

(Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Business:

The use of EVs to bid into the regulation market (McGee et al. n.d.)

The Portuguese energy market (Santos et al. 2015)

Nord Pool electricity spot market (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Austrian control energy market (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Function:

Time-of-Use tariff business model (Santos et al. 2015)

10

Communication between EVs and charging equipment

Customer premises:

Communication and information between the EV and charging point EVs and charging point on the demand side (McGee et al. n.d.) (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Process:

Communication between EV point/ supply equipment and EV (McGee et al. n.d.; Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Communication:

SAE J1772 charging standard (McGee et al. n.d.)

Negative-side signaling using CANbus (McGee et al. n.d.)

Identity-based cryptography (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Information:

Voltage level as control signal (McGee et al. n.d.)

EV identity (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

11

EV charging at public charging points/ fast-charging stations

Distribution:

Public charging points in distrbuition grid (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Transmission:

Fast charging stations in transmission grid (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Process:

EV Charging (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

Component:

EVs at public charging points and fast-charging stations (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

12

Data collector or database (data center)

Distribution and transmission:

Data collector or databases such as data (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

Station:

The data collector or database is a data concentration (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

Component:

Data collector or database e.g. data center (Nicanfar et al. 2013) (Santos et al. 2015)

Function:

A cloud solution, smart grid server (Nicanfar et al. 2013)

13

Grid operator or DSO control operations

Distribution:

The grid operator is the DSO (Santos et al. 2015)

Operation:

The grid operator has power system control operations (Santos et al. 2015)

Enterprise:

Grid operators have commercial and organizational processes (Santos et al. 2015)

Function:

Grid operator (Santos et al. 2015)

14

Load management by DSO, energy scheduler and data aggregator

Distribution:

The load management at the DSO (Santos et al. 2015)

Operation:

Load management (Santos et al. 2015)

Component:

Computers/controllers (Santos et al. 2015)

Function:

Computers/controller as an energy scheduler and data aggregator. (Santos et al. 2015)

The energy scheduler and data aggregator does load management of residential end-users based on an optimization algorithm (Santos et al. 2015)

Business:

The objective of the optimization is to reduce charging costs (Santos et al. 2015)

15

Communication between EV and aggregator

Customer premises, DER, and distribution:

Communication standards and information flow between charging point and energy scheduler and data aggregator. (Santos et al. 2015)

Information flow between EVs and the aggregator (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Field, station, and operation:

Communication standards and information flow between charging point, energy scheduler and data aggregator (Santos et al. 2015)

Information flow between EVs (through field equipment) and aggregator (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Communication:

ISO 15118 for charging point.

IEEE 802.11.p or WiMax or 2G/3G/4G for wireless communication (Santos et al. 2015)

Information:

CANbus protocol sends a basic set of information such as State-of-Charge, State-of-Health, Vehicle position, available energy, charging time, etc. (Santos et al. 2015)

Driving pattern sent from EV owner to aggregator (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

Tariffs and charging schedule sent to EV from aggregator (Rezania and Prüggler 2012)

16

Communication between EVs and energy scheduler and data aggregator

Customer premises:

Cellular technologies are assumed together with EVs (Santos et al. 2015)

Field:

Wireless connection between EVs, energy scheduler and data aggregator (Santos et al. 2015)

Component:

Cellular technologies (antennas) (Santos et al. 2015)

17

A broker between EV owner and energy market

Distribution and transmission:

The company controls charging spots in the distribution grid to balance the distribution and transmission grids (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Station and operation:

Utilize the data acquired in the station to operate processes (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Enterprise:

Company Better place (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Market:

Bidding into spot markets (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Business:

Battery leasing and EV monitoring (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Energy demand Bidding into spot markets (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Provide intelligent charging to the charging infrastructure (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

The company acts as a broker between the energy market and EV owner (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Charging when electricity price is low (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)

Eliminate the uncertainties about battery degradation for EV adoption (Budde Christensen et al. 2012)