Table 1 State of the art economic models for V2G energy arbitrage
From: Electric vehicles as distribution grid batteries: a reality check
Source | Year | Assumptions | Profit |
|---|---|---|---|
(Almehizia & Snodgrass, 2018) | 2011 | V2G availability: 8 AM to 5 PM Driving distance per day: 32 miles EV specification: Tesla Model 70D 70kWh battery. Round Trip Efficency (RTE): 80% Battery degradation cost: 10.42 cents/kWh Pricing Scheme: Night charging cost 5.95 cents/kWh. Dynamic pricing during day from ERCOT RTM. | 338.56 $/EV/year |
(Peterson et al., 2010) | 2008 | V2G availability: 5 PM to 7 AM. EV specification: 16kWh. LPF battery. RTE: 85% Battery degradation cost: 4.2 cents/kWh Pricing Scheme: Considers dynamic pricing from PJM, NYISO, and ISO-NE for 2008 | With battery degradation: (10 to 120) $/EV/year |
(Kiaee et al., 2015) | 2013 | V2G availability: 9 Hours. Driving duration per day:10–90 min EV specification:60 kWh. RTE: 100% Pricing Scheme: Electricity price signal on 12 Nov 2013 is considered for all simulation days in UK market. | 13.6% (1799.77 £/5000EVs/5 days) |
(Uddin et al., 2017) | 2016 | V2G availability: 9 Hours. EV specification: 30 kWh, NCA battery Battery degradation cost: Based on actual degradation from the experiment. Pricing Scheme: UK energy pricing | 555 $/EV/year saving from improvement in battery life. |