Joint Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Renewable Energy Sources Including CO2 Emissions

Energy Informatics

Table 1 Comparison of the proposed model with existing approaches in the literature

Reference	Method	EVCS Investment	RES Investment	CO₂ emission
(Neyestani et al. 2015)	1	✓	x	x
(Amini and Islam 2014; Mirzaei et al. 2016; Moradijoz et al. 2013; Pashajavid and Golkar 2013; Zeng et al. 2020)	2	✓	x	x
(Bagherzadeh et al. 2019; Mozafar et al. 2017)	2	✓	✓	x
(Shaaban et al. 2019)	2	✓	✓	✓
Proposed model	1	✓	✓	✓

1: Mathematical-programing-based; 2: Heuristic methods and Metaheuristics; ✓ Considered; x: Not considered