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Table 1 Description of EV ecosystem entities as illustrated in Fig. 2

From: Mind the gap- open communication protocols for vehicle grid integration

Entity

Description

Car manufacturer

Complying with electric mobility (e-mobility) protocols.

Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV)

Implementing various e-mobility protocols.

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)

Enclosing charge controller (microcomputer) implementing e-mobility protocols. A charge point could contain one or more EVSEs.

Energy Management System (EMS)

Monitoring, controlling and optimising energy consumption and generation at a location such as home.

Third party operator

Container of various mobility and energy entities as illustrated in Fig. 2 and described in Advantages of open communication protocols.

Electric Mobility Service Provider (eMSP)

An entity which holds a contract with the BEV user for all services related to charging.

Charge Point Operator (CPO)

Central system entity which operates and manages charge points.

Energy Supplier

An entity selling electricity to consumers in compliance with regulations for electricity market organisation.

Balance Responsible Party

An entity which is financially responsible for the real-time net balance of electricity supply and demand.

Electricity (distribution and/or transmission) Network Operator

An entity operating, maintaining and investing in electricity networks, in compliance with regulations and standards on electricity supply quality and security.

Aggregator

An entity responsible for aggregating many distributed energy resources, including BEVs, to provide power system services to various third-party entities.