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Table 3 Kinds of case studies as enumerated by different analysts

From: A methodological framework for futures studies: integrating normative backcasting approaches and descriptive case study design for strategic data-driven smart sustainable city planning

Meriam (1988)

Stake (1995)

Bassy (1999)

de Vaus (2001)

Yin (2009)

Descriptive

Intrinsic

Theory seeking

Descriptive/explanatory

Critical

Interpretative

Instrumental

Theory testing

Theory testing/building

Extreme/unique

Evaluative

Single/collective

Storytelling

Single/multiple case

Longitudinal

—

—

Picture drawing

Holistic/embedded

Representative

—

—

Evaluative

Parallel/sequential

Revelatory

—

 

—

Retrospective/prospective

—

  1. Source: Adapted from Thomas (2011)