Table 2 Overview of RMSE, mean calculation time (Calc. [s]), its standard deviation (StD.), and the models’ speed-up factor (SUF) relative to the simulation model (Sim). Bold values mark the best of the respective column
From: Evaluating different machine learning techniques as surrogate for low voltage grids
CIGRELV | LV-rural3 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RMSE | Calc. [s] | StD. | SUF | RMSE | Calc. [s] | StD. | SUF | |
Sim | - | 1354.45 | 46.45 | 1.00 | - | 6388.01 | 375.63 | 1.00 |
RE LR | 7.57e-05 | 486.64 | 13.21 | 2.78 | 2.91e-05 | 846.36 | 13.19 | 7.55 |
RC LR | 7.57e-05 | 407.48 | 16.35 | 3.32 | 2.91e-05 | 678.38 | 10.50 | 9.42 |
RE RF | 8.80e-04 | 3275.52 | 62.04 | 0.41 | 5.36e-04 | 9234.81 | 46.19 | 0.69 |
k-NN | 1.34e-03 | 362.26 | 16.26 | 3.74 | 4.55e-04 | 745.28 | 2.58 | 8.57 |
ANN | 2.08e-04 | 394.39 | 9.45 | 3.43 | 7.75e-05 | 363.11 | 8.71 | 17.59 |
LSTM | 2.19e-03 | 1333.35 | 13.13 | 1.02 | 1.13e-03 | 406.46 | 5.10 | 15.72 |