Table 2 Relevant industry articles/whitepapers discussing blockchain-based energy markets
Project/ Company | Basic idea | Market design | Status | Country | Blockchain protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grid+ (Miller et al. 2017) | P2P trading of electricity, and controlling activators | Different market models possible | Development phase | US | Public blockchain + payment channels (Ethereum, Raiden) |
HivePower (Rivola et al. 2018) | Platform for P2P trading of renewable energy | Different market models possible (e.g. central optimization) | Development phase, lab-scale prototype | Switzerland | Public blockchain + state channels (Ethereum, custom channels) |
LO3 Energy (2017), Mengelkamp et al. (2017) | P2P trading of solar energy within local community | Auction mechanism: Iterative double auction | Field phase: local exchange within community in Brooklyn | US | Private blockchain (Tendermint) |
PowerLedger (2017) | P2P trading of renewable energy | Different market models possible (e.g. central optimization, auction) | Development phase | Australia | Public-private hybrid blockchain (Ethereum, EcoChain) |
WePower (2017) | P2P trading of renewable energy tokens | Auctions mechanism: not further defined | Development phase | Gibraltar | Public blockchain (Ethereum) |