Table 2 Analysis of smart grid solutions according to the Assessment Classifiers
From: Architectural and functional classification of smart grid solutions
"Distributed multiple agent system" (Zhang et al. 2014) | "Central Q-Management" (Wang et al. 2015) | "LV-Grid automation system" (Oerter and Neusel-Lange 2014; SAG GmbH 2013) | "Local Q(V) droop control" (Stetz 2014; Stetz et al. 2014) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
TRL | 3 | 4 | 9 | 9 |
Objective(s) | - Active power loss minimization - Voltage profile optimization | - Reactive power provision at the interface between two voltage levels - Compliance with voltage band at local buses of generators | - Compliance with voltage band - Control utilization rate of components | - Compliance with voltage band at local bus of a generator |
Operation architecture | Distributed | Hierarchical (Comination of central and local) | Decentralized | Local |
Input | - Local measurement of voltage magnitude and from neighboring operation units - Voltage phase difference between neighboring operation units | - Voltage magnitude at local buses - Reactive power set point at grid interface - Reactive power measurement at the grid interface | - Voltage magnitude - Line current - Active and reactive power flow - Phase angles - Active and reactive power operation points of generators | - Local voltage magnitude measurement at coupling point of generator |
Control variables | - Transformer tap set point - Voltage magnitude set point of generators - Reactive power set point for capacitor banks | - Q(V) characteristic - Reactive power set points of generators | - Transformer tap set point - Power factor set points of generators and storage - Active power set points of generators and loads | - Reactive power set point of generator |
Method | Distributed subgradient algorithm | Characteristic curve | 3-stage control model including sensitivity analysis with grid state identification | Droop control |
Communication | ||||
Information flow | Between topological neighboring agents | From HV-level control center to RTU, from RTU to generators | Between the LV "monitoring and control system" and the sensors and actuators | No communication |
Service layer | Peer-to-peer | Client - server | Client - server | No communication |
Technology | Power line | Radio control | Power line within the low voltage grid GPRS with the control center | No communication |