Scaling: managing a large number of distributed battery energy storage systems

Energy Informatics

Table 1 Illustration of importance of heterogeneity: Consider a VPP consisted of two extreme BESSs, with one having the power capabilities of the VPP but with little energy storage and the other BESS having the energy storage of the VPP but with a very limited amount of charging power

Basically, such an extreme VPP can not be used much, although the power and energy parameters of the VPP would suggest differently. The example gets even worse, if it is assumed, that the first BESS is fully discharged. Then, the VPP charging ability is nearly zero, although the VPP is with 0.1% almost fully depleted